Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Oakville, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	213,759	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	193,832	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.3	...	...	10.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	76,179	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	73,558	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,538.5	...	...	1,538.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	138.94	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	213,760	103,480	110,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	38,435	19,540	18,895	18.0	18.9	17.1
0 to 4 years	9,280	4,710	4,570	4.3	4.6	4.1
5 to 9 years	12,875	6,535	6,345	6.0	6.3	5.8
10 to 14 years	16,285	8,300	7,985	7.6	8.0	7.2
15 to 64 years	141,725	68,860	72,865	66.3	66.5	66.1
15 to 19 years	16,665	8,535	8,135	7.8	8.2	7.4
20 to 24 years	13,375	6,875	6,500	6.3	6.6	5.9
25 to 29 years	10,175	5,175	5,000	4.8	5.0	4.5
30 to 34 years	10,315	4,865	5,445	4.8	4.7	4.9
35 to 39 years	12,755	5,870	6,885	6.0	5.7	6.2
40 to 44 years	15,105	6,805	8,295	7.1	6.6	7.5
45 to 49 years	17,780	8,410	9,370	8.3	8.1	8.5
50 to 54 years	17,615	8,595	9,015	8.2	8.3	8.2
55 to 59 years	15,255	7,545	7,705	7.1	7.3	7.0
60 to 64 years	12,680	6,175	6,510	5.9	6.0	5.9
65 years and over	33,595	15,080	18,520	15.7	14.6	16.8
65 to 69 years	9,665	4,490	5,170	4.5	4.3	4.7
70 to 74 years	8,345	3,760	4,580	3.9	3.6	4.2
75 to 79 years	6,300	2,915	3,385	2.9	2.8	3.1
80 to 84 years	4,530	2,070	2,465	2.1	2.0	2.2
85 years and over	4,760	1,845	2,915	2.2	1.8	2.6
85 to 89 years	2,910	1,215	1,695	1.4	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	1,455	515	940	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	360	100	255	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.9	17.1	18.0	18.9	17.1
15 to 64 years	66.3	66.5	66.1	66.3	66.5	66.1
65 years and over	15.7	14.6	16.8	15.7	14.6	16.8
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.2	1.8	2.6
Average age of the population	40.4	39.5	41.2	40.4	39.5	41.2
Median age of the population	41.6	40.8	42.8	41.6	40.8	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	73,555	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	43,130	...	...	58.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,310	...	...	4.5	...	...
Row house	12,470	...	...	17.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	950	...	...	1.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,680	...	...	6.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	8,955	...	...	12.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	13,425	...	...	18.3	...	...
2 persons	20,490	...	...	27.9	...	...
3 persons	14,040	...	...	19.1	...	...
4 persons	16,660	...	...	22.6	...	...
5 or more persons	8,950	...	...	12.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	212,055	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	175,320	83,935	91,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	107,775	53,535	54,240	61.5	63.8	59.4
Married	99,815	49,545	50,265	56.9	59.0	55.0
Living common-law	7,965	3,985	3,975	4.5	4.7	4.3
Living common law - Never married	5,140	2,560	2,580	2.9	3.0	2.8
Living common law - Separated	380	215	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,205	1,095	1,110	1.3	1.3	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	240	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	67,540	30,405	37,140	38.5	36.2	40.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	48,125	25,020	23,100	27.4	29.8	25.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,710	1,380	2,330	2.1	1.6	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,855	2,490	5,360	4.5	3.0	5.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,860	1,510	6,350	4.5	1.8	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,680	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	22,795	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 persons	14,555	...	...	24.0	...	...
4 persons	17,150	...	...	28.3	...	...
5 or more persons	6,180	...	...	10.2	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,680	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	52,555	...	...	86.6	...	...
Married couples	48,575	...	...	80.1	...	...
With children⁶	32,900	...	...	54.2	...	...
Without children	15,675	...	...	25.8	...	...
Common-law couples	3,980	...	...	6.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,485	...	...	2.4	...	...
Without children	2,495	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,125	...	...	13.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,545	...	...	10.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,575	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	212,060	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	190,240	94,195	96,050	89.7	91.6	88.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	105,110	52,570	52,545	49.6	51.1	48.1
Parents in one-parent families	8,120	1,580	6,545	3.8	1.5	6.0
Children⁶	77,010	40,050	36,960	36.3	38.9	33.9
In a two-parent family	64,310	33,360	30,955	30.3	32.4	28.4
In a one-parent family	12,705	6,695	6,010	6.0	6.5	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,815	8,680	13,135	10.3	8.4	12.0
Living alone	13,420	5,050	8,370	6.3	4.9	7.7
Living with other relatives⁷	4,175	1,420	2,755	2.0	1.4	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	4,220	2,210	2,010	2.0	2.1	1.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	52,835	...	...	71.8	...	...
Couple-family households	46,285	...	...	62.9	...	...
With children⁶	30,675	...	...	41.7	...	...
Without children	15,610	...	...	21.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,555	...	...	8.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,270	...	...	4.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	480	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,875	...	...	2.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,675	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	13,420	...	...	18.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	173,625	83,340	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	164,380	78,840	85,535	94.7	94.6	94.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	57,600	40,400	47,200	57,600	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	164,495	78,890	85,605	94.7	94.7	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,600	36,800	42,000	49,600	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	151,800	74,060	77,740	87.4	88.9	86.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	56,000	34,400	43,600	56,000	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	121,885	62,080	59,800	70.2	74.5	66.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	58,000	38,400	46,800	58,000	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	142,625	67,465	75,160	82.1	81.0	83.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,880	3,680	7,200	5,880	3,680	7,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,765	4,405	6,365	6.2	5.3	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,840	5,600	5,480	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,055	21,440	23,610	25.9	25.7	26.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	173,625	83,340	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,420	78,760	85,660	94.7	94.5	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	81,800	104,700	60,800	81,800	104,700	60,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,560	78,825	85,740	94.8	94.6	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,000	74,700	48,400	61,000	74,700	48,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	151,890	73,990	77,900	87.5	88.8	86.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	80,400	104,500	57,400	80,400	104,500	57,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	121,885	61,865	60,015	70.2	74.2	66.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	81,500	103,400	58,900	81,500	103,400	58,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	142,425	67,080	75,345	82.0	80.5	83.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,760	7,640	9,760	8,760	7,640	9,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,720	4,240	6,485	6.2	5.1	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,890	6,045	7,440	6,890	6,045	7,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	45,015	21,150	23,865	25.9	25.4	26.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,050	8,930	9,150	9,050	8,930	9,150
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	173,625	83,335	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	60,755	33,915	26,840	35.0	40.7	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	91,000	103,000	78,500	91,000	103,000	78,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	127,300	152,000	96,100	127,300	152,000	96,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	45,015	20,115	24,905	25.9	24.1	27.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	17,800	15,000	16,200	17,800	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,880	53,200	30,920	40,880	53,200	30,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.8	93.8	85.8	90.8	93.8	85.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.8	77.6	68.0	73.8	77.6	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	9.3	6.2	14.1	9.3	6.2	14.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	0.9	0.6	0.3	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.4	2.5	4.8	3.4	2.5	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.0	2.3	4.2	3.0	2.3	4.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	173,625	83,335	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	9,245	4,495	4,750	5.3	5.4	5.3
With total income	164,375	78,840	85,540	94.7	94.6	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,070	7,950	11,120	11.6	10.1	13.0
$10,000 to $19,999	18,710	7,905	10,805	11.4	10.0	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	20,090	8,470	11,620	12.2	10.7	13.6
$30,000 to $39,999	14,975	6,200	8,780	9.1	7.9	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	12,640	5,345	7,295	7.7	6.8	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	10,785	4,625	6,160	6.6	5.9	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	9,270	4,195	5,075	5.6	5.3	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	8,150	3,895	4,260	5.0	4.9	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	6,945	3,455	3,485	4.2	4.4	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	6,135	3,100	3,035	3.7	3.9	3.5
$100,000 and over	37,610	23,705	13,910	22.9	30.1	16.3
$100,000 to $149,999	19,385	10,765	8,620	11.8	13.7	10.1
$150,000 and over	18,225	12,935	5,285	11.1	16.4	6.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	173,625	83,335	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	9,130	4,450	4,680	5.3	5.3	5.2
With after-tax income	164,495	78,885	85,605	94.7	94.7	94.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,155	8,335	11,820	12.3	10.6	13.8
$10,000 to $19,999	19,565	8,295	11,270	11.9	10.5	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	22,230	9,340	12,885	13.5	11.8	15.1
$30,000 to $39,999	17,225	7,285	9,940	10.5	9.2	11.6
$40,000 to $49,999	14,835	6,355	8,480	9.0	8.1	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	12,565	5,685	6,880	7.6	7.2	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	10,385	4,960	5,430	6.3	6.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	8,885	4,520	4,370	5.4	5.7	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	8,365	4,155	4,210	5.1	5.3	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	6,100	3,425	2,670	3.7	4.3	3.1
$100,000 and over	24,180	16,530	7,645	14.7	21.0	8.9
$100,000 to $124,999	9,385	5,805	3,575	5.7	7.4	4.2
$125,000 and over	14,795	10,720	4,070	9.0	13.6	4.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	173,625	83,335	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	51,740	21,255	30,485	29.8	25.5	33.8
With employment income	121,885	62,085	59,805	70.2	74.5	66.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	19,170	9,105	10,070	15.7	14.7	16.8
$5,000 to $9,999	10,090	4,500	5,595	8.3	7.2	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,700	5,235	6,460	9.6	8.4	10.8
$20,000 to $29,999	8,080	3,670	4,410	6.6	5.9	7.4
$30,000 to $39,999	7,055	3,090	3,965	5.8	5.0	6.6
$40,000 to $49,999	6,880	3,065	3,825	5.6	4.9	6.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,775	3,050	3,720	5.6	4.9	6.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,275	2,920	3,355	5.1	4.7	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	5,495	2,635	2,865	4.5	4.2	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	4,940	2,485	2,455	4.1	4.0	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	4,955	2,450	2,505	4.1	3.9	4.2
$100,000 and over	30,470	19,885	10,580	25.0	32.0	17.7
$100,000 to $124,999	9,980	5,415	4,560	8.2	8.7	7.6
$125,000 and over	20,490	14,465	6,025	16.8	23.3	10.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	173,625	83,340	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	159,170	76,155	83,015	91.7	91.4	91.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	58,000	38,400	46,400	58,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	159,235	76,175	83,060	91.7	91.4	92.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	34,800	40,800	50,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	148,345	72,315	76,035	85.4	86.8	84.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	57,600	36,400	45,200	57,600	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,925	61,575	59,355	69.6	73.9	65.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	58,400	39,200	47,200	58,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	131,360	62,750	68,605	75.7	75.3	76.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,070	660	2,320	1,070	660	2,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,830	2,345	4,485	3.9	2.8	5.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,320	5,160	7,150	6,320	5,160	7,150
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	173,625	83,340	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	159,170	76,130	83,035	91.7	91.3	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	80,600	105,600	57,700	80,600	105,600	57,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	159,250	76,165	83,080	91.7	91.4	92.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,100	75,500	45,920	60,100	75,500	45,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	147,990	72,160	75,835	85.2	86.6	84.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	81,700	107,500	57,150	81,700	107,500	57,150
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,880	61,625	59,255	69.6	73.9	65.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	80,900	102,900	58,000	80,900	102,900	58,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	131,020	62,375	68,645	75.5	74.8	76.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,610	4,504	6,620	5,610	4,504	6,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,805	2,255	4,545	3.9	2.7	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930	6,450	8,670	7,930	6,450	8,670
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	173,625	83,335	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	59,955	33,495	26,455	34.5	40.2	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	86,000	98,000	73,000	86,000	98,000	73,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	121,900	147,800	89,100	121,900	147,800	89,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	41,640	18,830	22,815	24.0	22.6	25.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,600	21,000	22,200	23,600	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	46,920	59,500	36,560	46,920	59,500	36,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.2	96.6	90.6	94.2	96.6	90.6
Employment income (%)	76.2	78.8	71.8	76.2	78.8	71.8
Government transfers (%)	5.7	3.5	9.5	5.7	3.5	9.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.8	0.4	0.2	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	73,560	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,420	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...	55,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	60,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	73,560	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	182,800	...	...	182,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...	136,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...	75,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,400	...	...	59,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	60,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	206,800	...	...	206,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	153,800	...	...	153,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	940	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	410	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	590	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	765	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,430	...	...	1.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,460	...	...	2.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,325	...	...	1.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,505	...	...	2.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...	2.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,625	...	...	2.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,330	...	...	4.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...	4.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,455	...	...	4.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,230	...	...	4.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,205	...	...	4.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	45,250	...	...	61.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,515	...	...	10.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,580	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,540	...	...	14.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	20,615	...	...	28.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,200	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	430	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	605	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,535	...	...	2.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,630	...	...	2.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,505	...	...	2.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,755	...	...	2.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	...	...	2.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,985	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,155	...	...	5.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,120	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,095	...	...	5.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,175	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,945	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	39,740	...	...	54.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,875	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,505	...	...	10.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	23,360	...	...	31.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	59,055	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,865	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	34,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,000	...	...	184,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,505	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,640	7,260	10,380	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,800	50,800	47,200	48,800	50,800	47,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	44,800	42,000	43,200	44,800	42,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	59,035	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	207,400	...	...	207,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,800	...	...	153,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,820	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	171,800	...	...	171,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	34,540	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	245,600	...	...	245,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,000	...	...	180,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,450	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	114,500	...	...	114,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,400	...	...	91,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,650	7,270	10,385	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	68,700	78,100	62,100	68,700	78,100	62,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,350	59,100	51,040	54,350	59,100	51,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	212,055	102,870	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	48,740	24,755	23,985	23.0	24.1	22.0
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,900	5,710	5.5	5.7	5.2
18 to 64 years	131,205	63,510	67,700	61.9	61.7	62.0
65 years and over	32,110	14,610	17,505	15.1	14.2	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,135	8,270	9,870	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,135	2,580	2,555	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,135	590	545	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,185	4,635	5,550	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,820	1,050	1,765	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.6	8.0	9.0	8.6	8.0	9.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.5	10.4	10.7	10.5	10.4	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	9.8	10.0	9.6	9.8	10.0	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	7.3	8.2	7.8	7.3	8.2
65 years and over (%)	8.8	7.2	10.1	8.8	7.2	10.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	212,060	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	48,735	24,750	23,980	23.0	24.1	22.0
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,895	5,715	5.5	5.7	5.2
18 to 64 years	131,210	63,510	67,700	61.9	61.7	62.0
65 years and over	32,110	14,610	17,500	15.1	14.2	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,100	5,740	6,355	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,320	1,685	1,635	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	675	365	315	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,595	3,565	4,030	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,180	490	690	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7	5.6	5.8	5.7	5.6	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.6	5.8	6.1	5.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	5.6	6.0	5.8	5.6	6.0
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.4	3.9	3.7	3.4	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	212,055	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	67,910	31,610	36,305	32.0	30.7	33.3
In bottom decile	16,415	7,655	8,755	7.7	7.4	8.0
In second decile	12,380	5,510	6,870	5.8	5.4	6.3
In third decile	12,435	5,765	6,665	5.9	5.6	6.1
In fourth decile	12,620	5,975	6,645	6.0	5.8	6.1
In fifth decile	14,070	6,705	7,360	6.6	6.5	6.7
In top half of the distribution	144,145	71,265	72,885	68.0	69.3	66.8
In sixth decile	15,740	7,570	8,170	7.4	7.4	7.5
In seventh decile	18,535	8,950	9,585	8.7	8.7	8.8
In eighth decile	22,440	11,020	11,425	10.6	10.7	10.5
In ninth decile	31,320	15,430	15,890	14.8	15.0	14.6
In top decile	56,110	28,295	27,815	26.5	27.5	25.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	212,060	...	...	212,060	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.433	...	...	0.433	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.499	...	...	0.499	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.366	...	...	0.366	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	212,915	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	184,520	91,060	93,465	86.7	88.3	85.1
French only	150	50	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	23,390	10,100	13,285	11.0	9.8	12.1
Neither English nor French	4,855	1,915	2,940	2.3	1.9	2.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	212,915	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	202,470	98,730	103,740	95.1	95.7	94.5
French	3,270	1,445	1,830	1.5	1.4	1.7
English and French	2,410	1,085	1,330	1.1	1.1	1.2
Neither English nor French	4,760	1,880	2,880	2.2	1.8	2.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	212,915	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	199,910	96,890	103,020	93.9	93.9	93.8
Official languages	125,220	61,800	63,425	58.8	59.9	57.8
English	122,255	60,480	61,770	57.4	58.6	56.3
French	2,970	1,315	1,650	1.4	1.3	1.5
Non-official languages	74,685	35,090	39,600	35.1	34.0	36.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,680	35,090	39,595	35.1	34.0	36.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,920	3,965	3,955	3.7	3.8	3.6
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,800	3,910	3,885	3.7	3.8	3.5
Amharic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,350	3,690	3,655	3.5	3.6	3.3
Aramaic languages	275	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	560	240	315	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	550	240	310	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,300	855	1,445	1.1	0.8	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	50	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,840	665	1,175	0.9	0.6	1.1
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,630	825	805	0.8	0.8	0.7
Kannada	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	345	175	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	685	340	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	440	230	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	39,695	18,750	20,945	18.6	18.2	19.1
Albanian	345	175	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	10,505	4,775	5,725	4.9	4.6	5.2
Baltic languages	230	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	160	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	10,270	4,690	5,585	4.8	4.5	5.1
Belarusian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	365	175	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	2,910	1,305	1,605	1.4	1.3	1.5
Russian	2,100	925	1,170	1.0	0.9	1.1
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,105	1,470	1,635	1.5	1.4	1.5
Bosnian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,635	760	875	0.8	0.7	0.8
Serbian	1,295	620	670	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	335	160	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	800	365	435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,230	1,010	1,225	1.0	1.0	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,255	560	700	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	1,220	540	680	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	800	375	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	325	160	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	450	205	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	565	275	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	13,650	6,695	6,950	6.4	6.5	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages	11,610	5,690	5,920	5.5	5.5	5.4
Assamese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	485	230	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	790	380	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	2,285	1,145	1,140	1.1	1.1	1.0
Kacchi	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	260	125	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,540	1,225	1,315	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,605	2,260	2,340	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,040	1,010	1,030	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	305	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,640	815	825	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	300	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,195	600	600	0.6	0.6	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,210	5,720	6,485	5.7	5.5	5.9
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,800	1,370	1,430	1.3	1.3	1.3
Portuguese	3,500	1,635	1,860	1.6	1.6	1.7
Romanian	1,025	480	540	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	4,875	2,225	2,650	2.3	2.2	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	235	75	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,475	1,120	1,360	1.2	1.1	1.2
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	350	155	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,820	8,270	9,550	8.4	8.0	8.7
Chinese languages	17,790	8,255	9,530	8.4	8.0	8.7
Hakka	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,815	6,890	7,930	7.0	6.7	7.2
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,530	1,170	1,355	1.2	1.1	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	800	420	380	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	740	390	355	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	685	315	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	110	50	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	520	235	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,010	6,245	6,770	6.1	6.1	6.2
English and French	1,085	515	570	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	10,375	5,055	5,315	4.9	4.9	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	290	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	480	195	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	785	345	440	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	212,915	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	129,805	63,785	66,020	61.0	61.8	60.1
French	750	345	405	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	19,890	9,230	10,660	9.3	8.9	9.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,890	9,230	10,660	9.3	8.9	9.7
English and French	2,815	1,240	1,575	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	55,620	26,750	28,870	26.1	25.9	26.3
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,685	1,160	1,525	1.3	1.1	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	1,245	570	675	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	212,915	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	199,035	96,435	102,600	93.5	93.5	93.5
Official languages	157,985	76,980	81,005	74.2	74.6	73.8
English	156,750	76,410	80,340	73.6	74.1	73.2
French	1,235	565	665	0.6	0.5	0.6
Non-official languages	41,050	19,455	21,595	19.3	18.9	19.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,050	19,455	21,595	19.3	18.9	19.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,200	2,040	2,165	2.0	2.0	2.0
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,165	2,020	2,145	2.0	2.0	2.0
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,950	1,920	2,030	1.9	1.9	1.8
Aramaic languages	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	260	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	255	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,130	490	640	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	930	400	530	0.4	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	825	395	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	350	170	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,555	8,800	9,760	8.7	8.5	8.9
Albanian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,670	2,200	2,475	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,615	2,175	2,440	2.2	2.1	2.2
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,160	540	620	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	1,400	645	750	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,310	620	685	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	570	265	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	675	325	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	105	55	55	0.0	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	280	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	440	220	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	185	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,365	3,525	3,840	3.5	3.4	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	6,165	2,970	3,200	2.9	2.9	2.9
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	360	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,140	540	600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,440	700	745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,565	1,230	1,330	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,200	560	640	0.6	0.5	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	195	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	965	450	520	0.5	0.4	0.5
Dari	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	740	345	390	0.3	0.3	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,780	2,710	3,070	2.7	2.6	2.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	530	225	305	0.2	0.2	0.3
Portuguese	1,705	785	915	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	485	230	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,060	1,465	1,595	1.4	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,785	825	960	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,285	6,285	7,000	6.2	6.1	6.4
Chinese languages	13,270	6,280	6,990	6.2	6.1	6.4
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,690	5,530	6,165	5.5	5.4	5.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,340	635	700	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	485	255	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	455	230	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,880	6,695	7,185	6.5	6.5	6.5
English and French	615	270	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	12,760	6,200	6,555	6.0	6.0	6.0
French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	212,920	103,130	109,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	161,910	78,910	83,000	76.0	76.5	75.6
English	18,095	8,750	9,340	8.5	8.5	8.5
French	2,480	1,065	1,410	1.2	1.0	1.3
Non-official language	24,280	11,470	12,810	11.4	11.1	11.7
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	24,270	11,470	12,800	11.4	11.1	11.7
English and French	355	150	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,010	990	1,020	0.9	1.0	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	1,275	550	720	0.6	0.5	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,455	1,205	1,250	1.2	1.2	1.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	212,060	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	207,205	100,935	106,270	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	207,080	100,880	106,200	97.7	98.1	97.3
French	23,355	10,100	13,255	11.0	9.8	12.1
Non-official languages	100,415	47,665	52,755	47.4	46.3	48.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	100,405	47,660	52,740	47.3	46.3	48.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,340	6,240	6,105	5.8	6.1	5.6
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	115	50	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	120	50	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,180	6,165	6,015	5.7	6.0	5.5
Amharic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,495	5,800	5,695	5.4	5.6	5.2
Aramaic languages	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	405	230	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	875	370	505	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	865	370	495	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,265	1,160	2,105	1.5	1.1	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	120	35	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	260	95	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	185	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,900	1,005	1,895	1.4	1.0	1.7
Waray-Waray	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	205	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,600	1,300	1,300	1.2	1.3	1.2
Kannada	315	155	160	0.1	0.2	0.1
Malayalam	490	230	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,265	630	645	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	870	460	410	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tulu	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	57,110	27,600	29,515	26.9	26.8	27.0
Albanian	435	205	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	13,020	6,085	6,945	6.1	5.9	6.4
Baltic languages	325	110	215	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	240	80	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	12,760	5,990	6,770	6.0	5.8	6.2
Belarusian	80	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	405	205	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	440	205	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	3,635	1,705	1,935	1.7	1.7	1.8
Russian	3,015	1,420	1,600	1.4	1.4	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,365	2,055	2,315	2.1	2.0	2.1
Bosnian	390	200	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	2,735	1,260	1,470	1.3	1.2	1.3
Serbian	1,825	880	945	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	435	250	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,275	590	685	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,385	2,130	2,250	2.1	2.1	2.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,870	1,385	1,490	1.4	1.3	1.4
German	2,845	1,375	1,470	1.3	1.3	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,385	695	690	0.7	0.7	0.6
Afrikaans	755	405	350	0.4	0.4	0.3
Dutch	650	305	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	295	125	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	115	50	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,030	520	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	21,870	10,840	11,035	10.3	10.5	10.1
Indo-Aryan languages	19,605	9,720	9,880	9.2	9.4	9.0
Assamese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	680	345	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	1,405	660	740	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hindi	8,305	4,175	4,125	3.9	4.1	3.8
Kacchi	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	215	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	585	320	265	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nepali	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,570	2,775	2,795	2.6	2.7	2.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	255	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	415	225	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	8,195	4,040	4,155	3.9	3.9	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,545	1,240	1,300	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	485	210	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Persian languages	2,130	1,055	1,075	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	475	240	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,575	790	785	0.7	0.8	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,615	8,410	9,200	8.3	8.2	8.4
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,670	2,280	2,390	2.2	2.2	2.2
Portuguese	4,630	2,250	2,375	2.2	2.2	2.2
Romanian	1,280	620	660	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	8,115	3,850	4,265	3.8	3.7	3.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	610	270	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	2,975	1,345	1,635	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,280	560	720	0.6	0.5	0.7
Akan (Twi)	115	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	170	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	245	105	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	490	240	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	200	70	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	190	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,735	9,655	11,075	9.8	9.4	10.1
Chinese languages	20,690	9,640	11,050	9.8	9.4	10.1
Hakka	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	18,140	8,480	9,660	8.6	8.2	8.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	365	160	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	325	145	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	3,700	1,650	2,050	1.7	1.6	1.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,070	560	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	975	510	465	0.5	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	795	355	440	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	625	280	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	212,060	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,415	610	805	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,300	570	730	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	750	350	400	0.4	0.3	0.4
Métis	540	220	320	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	210,645	102,265	108,380	99.3	99.4	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	212,060	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	440	205	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	211,620	102,675	108,945	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	57,025	...	...	77.5	...	...
Renter	16,530	...	...	22.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,435	...	...	16.9	...	...
Not condominium	61,120	...	...	83.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	295	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	5,095	...	...	6.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,885	...	...	14.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	23,715	...	...	32.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	33,565	...	...	45.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,020	...	...	19.1	...	...
5 rooms	8,980	...	...	12.2	...	...
6 rooms	10,215	...	...	13.9	...	...
7 rooms	9,490	...	...	12.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	30,855	...	...	41.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,055	...	...	98.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,500	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	70,615	...	...	96.0	...	...
Not suitable	2,945	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,950	...	...	8.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,935	...	...	18.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	13,600	...	...	18.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	11,910	...	...	16.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,055	...	...	11.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,480	...	...	8.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,310	...	...	7.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,320	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	71,140	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,420	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	32,085	...	...	43.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	38,490	...	...	52.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,980	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	700	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,795	...	...	7.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	13,370	...	...	18.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	19,345	...	...	26.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	15,745	...	...	21.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,810	...	...	13.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,310	...	...	8.6	...	...
85 years and over	2,485	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	73,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	53,810	...	...	73.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,295	...	...	26.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	15,945	...	...	21.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	73,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,990	...	...	31.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,815	...	...	24.2	...	...
Not suitable only	1,970	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,565	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	790	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	670	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	50,565	...	...	68.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	69,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,985	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	62,780	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	57,025	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.8	...	...	20.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,080	...	...	2,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,384	...	...	2,384	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,388,000	...	...	1,388,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,530	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.8	...	...	45.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,040	...	...	2,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,146	...	...	2,146	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	212,055	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	295	115	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	290	110	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	205	80	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,835	865	965	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,800	850	955	0.8	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,275	625	650	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	520	220	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	209,930	101,890	108,035	99.0	99.0	98.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	212,055	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	181,815	88,400	93,410	85.7	85.9	85.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	42,140	21,355	20,785	19.9	20.8	19.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	139,670	67,050	72,625	65.9	65.2	66.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,245	14,470	15,775	14.3	14.1	14.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	212,055	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	119,590	59,155	60,440	56.4	57.5	55.4
Immigrants⁸¹	87,340	41,190	46,150	41.2	40.0	42.3
Before 1980	15,260	7,145	8,110	7.2	6.9	7.4
1980 to 1990	8,250	3,915	4,335	3.9	3.8	4.0
1991 to 2000	14,245	6,570	7,680	6.7	6.4	7.0
2001 to 2010	21,195	9,970	11,225	10.0	9.7	10.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	28,390	13,585	14,805	13.4	13.2	13.6
2011 to 2015	12,900	5,995	6,905	6.1	5.8	6.3
2016 to 2021	15,490	7,590	7,900	7.3	7.4	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,120	2,530	2,595	2.4	2.5	2.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	87,345	41,195	46,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	9,080	4,445	4,635	10.4	10.8	10.0
5 to 14 years	16,115	8,160	7,955	18.4	19.8	17.2
15 to 24 years	13,045	5,715	7,330	14.9	13.9	15.9
25 to 44 years	40,985	18,975	22,005	46.9	46.1	47.7
45 years and over	8,125	3,895	4,230	9.3	9.5	9.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	87,345	41,195	46,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,630	4,825	5,810	12.2	11.7	12.6
Brazil	920	410	505	1.1	1.0	1.1
Colombia	760	320	440	0.9	0.8	1.0
El Salvador	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	410	190	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,090	500	590	1.2	1.2	1.3
Mexico	660	335	325	0.8	0.8	0.7
Peru	650	285	365	0.7	0.7	0.8
Trinidad and Tobago	830	325	505	1.0	0.8	1.1
United States of America	2,770	1,320	1,455	3.2	3.2	3.2
Other places of birth in Americas	2,415	1,070	1,340	2.8	2.6	2.9
Europe	22,605	10,665	11,940	25.9	25.9	25.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	640	320	320	0.7	0.8	0.7
Croatia	1,155	505	645	1.3	1.2	1.4
France	275	115	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	950	445	505	1.1	1.1	1.1
Greece	310	155	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	295	130	165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italy	1,530	815	720	1.8	2.0	1.6
Netherlands	380	175	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	2,350	1,025	1,330	2.7	2.5	2.9
Portugal	1,830	880	955	2.1	2.1	2.1
Romania	1,020	485	530	1.2	1.2	1.1
Russian Federation	940	395	545	1.1	1.0	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	515	250	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ukraine	815	355	455	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,470	3,085	3,385	7.4	7.5	7.3
Other places of birth in Europe	3,145	1,535	1,610	3.6	3.7	3.5
Africa	7,270	3,660	3,610	8.3	8.9	7.8
Algeria	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	2,880	1,505	1,380	3.3	3.7	3.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	130	65	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	990	495	500	1.1	1.2	1.1
Somalia	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,300	660	640	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Africa	1,725	820	905	2.0	2.0	2.0
Asia	46,460	21,815	24,645	53.2	53.0	53.4
Afghanistan	460	195	260	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	1,385	685	695	1.6	1.7	1.5
Iraq	1,515	720	790	1.7	1.7	1.7
Lebanon	675	340	335	0.8	0.8	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	1,135	565	575	1.3	1.4	1.2
Turkey	535	295	240	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	13,330	6,140	7,190	15.3	14.9	15.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,205	550	655	1.4	1.3	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	2,180	975	1,210	2.5	2.4	2.6
Taiwan	380	170	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Philippines	2,935	1,070	1,865	3.4	2.6	4.0
Viet Nam	740	315	425	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bangladesh	240	110	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	8,875	4,360	4,510	10.2	10.6	9.8
Pakistan	4,980	2,495	2,480	5.7	6.1	5.4
Sri Lanka	595	300	295	0.7	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	5,295	2,520	2,775	6.1	6.1	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	380	230	155	0.4	0.6	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	15,495	7,595	7,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,090	1,040	1,045	13.5	13.7	13.2
Brazil	485	225	260	3.1	3.0	3.3
Colombia	160	85	70	1.0	1.1	0.9
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	25	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	180	90	95	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	715	395	320	4.6	5.2	4.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	70	100	1.1	0.9	1.3
Other places of birth in Americas	330	150	175	2.1	2.0	2.2
Europe	1,420	745	670	9.2	9.8	8.5
France	45	10	35	0.3	0.1	0.4
Germany	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	30	25	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Russian Federation	175	85	90	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ukraine	95	45	45	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	545	300	245	3.5	3.9	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	450	230	220	2.9	3.0	2.8
Africa	1,685	855	825	10.9	11.3	10.4
Algeria	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egypt	595	305	290	3.8	4.0	3.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	410	200	210	2.6	2.6	2.7
Somalia	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	475	240	230	3.1	3.2	2.9
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	55	45	0.6	0.7	0.6
Asia	10,250	4,925	5,325	66.2	64.8	67.4
Afghanistan	90	40	50	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	25	10	10	0.2	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	3,695	1,735	1,960	23.8	22.8	24.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	50	50	0.6	0.7	0.6
India	2,200	1,075	1,120	14.2	14.2	14.2
Iran⁸⁸	140	50	90	0.9	0.7	1.1
Iraq	195	115	90	1.3	1.5	1.1
Israel	30	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	30	0	30	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jordan	145	75	65	0.9	1.0	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	170	95	80	1.1	1.3	1.0
Lebanon	135	65	70	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	795	435	365	5.1	5.7	4.6
Philippines	540	205	335	3.5	2.7	4.2
Saudi Arabia	260	130	125	1.7	1.7	1.6
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	700	325	375	4.5	4.3	4.7
Turkey	235	125	115	1.5	1.6	1.5
United Arab Emirates	380	215	165	2.5	2.8	2.1
Viet Nam	50	30	20	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	330	130	200	2.1	1.7	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	212,060	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	95,450	45,145	50,305	45.0	43.9	46.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	57,375	28,760	28,615	27.1	28.0	26.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,230	28,970	30,265	27.9	28.2	27.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	72,085	34,040	38,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	50,485	25,090	25,395	70.0	73.7	66.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	18,870	12,490	6,380	26.2	36.7	16.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,610	12,600	19,010	43.9	37.0	50.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,840	5,540	9,290	20.6	16.3	24.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,340	3,200	3,140	8.8	9.4	8.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	205	215	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	72,085	34,040	38,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,515	1,320	1,195	3.5	3.9	3.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6,095	2,750	3,345	8.5	8.1	8.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,245	1,165	1,080	3.1	3.4	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,530	1,740	1,790	4.9	5.1	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	300	145	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	57,400	26,915	30,485	79.6	79.1	80.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	212,060	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	90,130	43,230	46,895	42.5	42.0	43.0
South Asian	28,685	14,310	14,375	13.5	13.9	13.2
Chinese	23,055	10,870	12,185	10.9	10.6	11.2
Black	7,020	3,335	3,680	3.3	3.2	3.4
Filipino	4,170	1,655	2,515	2.0	1.6	2.3
Arab	10,020	5,045	4,975	4.7	4.9	4.6
Latin American	4,265	1,925	2,340	2.0	1.9	2.1
Southeast Asian	1,600	705	900	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Asian	2,480	1,240	1,240	1.2	1.2	1.1
Korean	3,440	1,620	1,820	1.6	1.6	1.7
Japanese	660	310	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,290	595	695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	3,445	1,620	1,825	1.6	1.6	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	121,930	59,640	62,285	57.5	58.0	57.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	212,055	102,875	109,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	17,040	8,485	8,555	8.0	8.2	7.8
English	30,610	14,950	15,660	14.4	14.5	14.3
Irish	24,840	11,740	13,100	11.7	11.4	12.0
Scottish	24,210	11,840	12,370	11.4	11.5	11.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,570	4,505	5,065	4.5	4.4	4.6
German	11,935	5,830	6,105	5.6	5.7	5.6
Chinese	22,720	10,650	12,070	10.7	10.4	11.1
Italian	15,315	7,790	7,525	7.2	7.6	6.9
Indian (India)	15,700	7,805	7,895	7.4	7.6	7.2
Ukrainian	6,060	2,950	3,115	2.9	2.9	2.9
Dutch	4,645	2,405	2,245	2.2	2.3	2.1
Polish	8,660	4,140	4,520	4.1	4.0	4.1
Québécois	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,190	3,900	4,290	3.9	3.8	3.9
Filipino	4,250	1,710	2,540	2.0	1.7	2.3
French Canadian	1,750	790	965	0.8	0.8	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,475	1,245	1,230	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	625	295	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	635	280	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,715	1,395	1,330	1.3	1.4	1.2
Russian	3,055	1,415	1,640	1.4	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	865	435	435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	2,620	1,260	1,360	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	6,720	3,240	3,480	3.2	3.1	3.2
American	2,415	1,185	1,235	1.1	1.2	1.1
Spanish	2,995	1,315	1,685	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	1,095	475	615	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungarian	2,290	1,090	1,195	1.1	1.1	1.1
Acadian	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	6,975	3,425	3,550	3.3	3.3	3.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,870	955	915	0.9	0.9	0.8
Jewish	1,285	635	640	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	2,155	1,035	1,120	1.0	1.0	1.0
Vietnamese	1,210	535	685	0.6	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,910	1,965	1,940	1.8	1.9	1.8
Greek	2,620	1,410	1,210	1.2	1.4	1.1
Jamaican	2,110	1,065	1,040	1.0	1.0	1.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,305	1,075	1,230	1.1	1.0	1.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	3,440	1,590	1,850	1.6	1.5	1.7
Romanian	1,855	975	885	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanese	1,560	775	785	0.7	0.8	0.7
Iranian	1,540	770	770	0.7	0.7	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,390	665	730	0.7	0.6	0.7
Danish	895	415	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	1,060	525	535	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austrian	1,190	600	595	0.6	0.6	0.5
Belgian	565	310	250	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	2,225	1,155	1,070	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mexican	935	485	450	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mennonite	160	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	750	415	335	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	880	470	415	0.4	0.5	0.4
Sri Lankan	635	310	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	3,865	1,815	2,050	1.8	1.8	1.9
Japanese	915	440	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,810	920	885	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	560	280	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	1,245	615	630	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egyptian	3,830	2,005	1,825	1.8	1.9	1.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	925	470	455	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tamil	485	235	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	305	155	145	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombian	1,000	485	520	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	730	380	345	0.3	0.4	0.3
Syrian	1,375	680	695	0.6	0.7	0.6
Guyanese	605	250	355	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afghan	890	375	515	0.4	0.4	0.5
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	390	180	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,065	1,025	1,040	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ojibway	130	40	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	300	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	535	255	275	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ontarian	555	285	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian	845	450	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,085	490	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Turkish	1,205	670	535	0.6	0.7	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	335	165	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	960	440	520	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigerian	725	365	360	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	485	240	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	875	455	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	510	255	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	330	150	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	1,025	500	525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Salvadorean	95	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	425	175	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	680	345	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,310	680	630	0.6	0.7	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	470	215	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	465	195	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	660	275	385	0.3	0.3	0.4
South African	985	460	530	0.5	0.4	0.5
Australian	435	240	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	1,310	660	650	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chilean	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	390	170	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	655	260	395	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	500	255	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	640	315	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	860	420	440	0.4	0.4	0.4
Macedonian	710	340	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovenian	730	365	370	0.3	0.4	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	230	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	405	195	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	195	75	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	240	150	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	475	265	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albertan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	200	90	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	255	105	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	445	205	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	185	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	580	280	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	845	420	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	265	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	140	95	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	265	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	340	155	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	180	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	250	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	110	40	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Coptic	865	450	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
Thai	130	40	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	255	135	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	175	60	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	110	45	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	105	60	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	490	260	225	0.2	0.3	0.2
Manitoban	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	225	140	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	225	85	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	105	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	190	115	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	185	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	212,060	102,875	109,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,390	1,080	1,310	1.1	1.0	1.2
Christian	111,530	52,170	59,360	52.6	50.7	54.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,520	6,630	7,890	6.8	6.4	7.2
Anabaptist	460	200	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	7,990	3,755	4,235	3.8	3.7	3.9
Baptist	1,525	655	875	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	61,055	28,805	32,250	28.8	28.0	29.5
Christian Orthodox	8,405	4,200	4,205	4.0	4.1	3.9
Jehovah's Witness	470	200	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	1,320	625	690	0.6	0.6	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	415	210	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,265	590	675	0.6	0.6	0.6
Presbyterian	3,080	1,385	1,690	1.5	1.3	1.5
Reformed	370	205	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
United Church	6,910	3,040	3,870	3.3	3.0	3.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,650	1,625	2,025	1.7	1.6	1.9
Hindu	9,510	4,775	4,735	4.5	4.6	4.3
Jewish	1,340	655	680	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	22,015	10,895	11,120	10.4	10.6	10.2
Sikh	4,045	1,935	2,110	1.9	1.9	1.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,140	535	600	0.5	0.5	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	60,075	30,815	29,260	28.3	30.0	26.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	210,570	102,135	108,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	185,150	89,745	95,400	87.9	87.9	88.0
Movers	25,415	12,380	13,030	12.1	12.1	12.0
Non-migrants	10,240	4,820	5,410	4.9	4.7	5.0
Migrants	15,180	7,560	7,620	7.2	7.4	7.0
Internal migrants	11,865	5,820	6,045	5.6	5.7	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	10,950	5,405	5,540	5.2	5.3	5.1
Interprovincial migrants	920	420	500	0.4	0.4	0.5
External migrants	3,310	1,735	1,575	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	202,780	98,245	104,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	122,625	59,410	63,220	60.5	60.5	60.5
Movers	80,155	38,840	41,315	39.5	39.5	39.5
Non-migrants	23,860	11,525	12,340	11.8	11.7	11.8
Migrants	56,295	27,320	28,975	27.8	27.8	27.7
Internal migrants	37,985	18,305	19,680	18.7	18.6	18.8
Intraprovincial migrants	33,815	16,305	17,510	16.7	16.6	16.8
Interprovincial migrants	4,175	2,005	2,170	2.1	2.0	2.1
External migrants	18,305	9,010	9,290	9.0	9.2	8.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,625	83,340	90,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,360	9,470	9,890	11.2	11.4	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	154,265	73,865	80,395	88.8	88.6	89.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,485	53,175	58,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,790	2,025	1,770	3.4	3.8	3.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	107,695	51,155	56,545	96.6	96.2	97.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,625	83,340	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,145	8,770	9,375	10.5	10.5	10.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,890	17,965	18,925	21.2	21.6	21.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	118,590	56,600	61,985	68.3	67.9	68.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,355	16,295	19,055	20.4	19.6	21.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,910	3,215	1,690	2.8	3.9	1.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,535	1,420	1,110	1.5	1.7	1.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,375	1,795	575	1.4	2.2	0.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,865	11,145	14,720	14.9	13.4	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,580	1,935	2,645	2.6	2.3	2.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	83,230	40,305	42,925	47.9	48.4	47.5
Bachelor's degree	51,400	23,935	27,465	29.6	28.7	30.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,225	2,365	2,865	3.0	2.8	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,380	1,125	1,260	1.4	1.3	1.4
Master's degree	21,565	11,275	10,290	12.4	13.5	11.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,660	1,605	1,055	1.5	1.9	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,485	53,175	58,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,190	1,690	1,505	2.9	3.2	2.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,200	7,670	7,530	13.6	14.4	12.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	93,095	43,815	49,280	83.5	82.4	84.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,120	11,685	13,435	22.5	22.0	23.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,070	2,015	1,055	2.8	3.8	1.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,555	845	710	1.4	1.6	1.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,515	1,165	355	1.4	2.2	0.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,915	8,395	10,520	17.0	15.8	18.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,135	1,280	1,860	2.8	2.4	3.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	67,975	32,130	35,845	61.0	60.4	61.5
Bachelor's degree	40,765	18,605	22,160	36.6	35.0	38.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,170	1,810	2,360	3.7	3.4	4.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,020	860	1,155	1.8	1.6	2.0
Master's degree	18,885	9,645	9,240	16.9	18.1	15.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,135	1,205	930	1.9	2.3	1.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	173,625	83,340	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,035	26,735	28,305	31.7	32.1	31.4
Education	5,675	950	4,725	3.3	1.1	5.2
13. Education	5,675	950	4,725	3.3	1.1	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,615	1,570	3,045	2.7	1.9	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	430	270	160	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,185	1,300	2,885	2.4	1.6	3.2
Humanities	7,085	2,110	4,970	4.1	2.5	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	835	160	670	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,925	420	1,505	1.1	0.5	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,250	650	1,600	1.3	0.8	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	40	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	385	180	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	295	170	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	920	460	460	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	325	35	290	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,395	6,415	10,980	10.0	7.7	12.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	30	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,155	730	1,420	1.2	0.9	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,580	100	1,475	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	2,810	1,125	1,680	1.6	1.3	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	330	130	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	2,520	530	1,995	1.5	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	7,880	3,765	4,120	4.5	4.5	4.6
Business, management and public administration	34,080	17,040	17,040	19.6	20.4	18.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,235	280	960	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	32,815	16,750	16,065	18.9	20.1	17.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,790	2,760	3,025	3.3	3.3	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,255	890	1,365	1.3	1.1	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,550	630	920	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,750	1,170	580	1.0	1.4	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,580	4,680	2,905	4.4	5.6	3.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,680	3,805	1,880	3.3	4.6	2.1
25. Library science	280	40	245	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,365	655	710	0.8	0.8	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255	180	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,280	15,700	3,575	11.1	18.8	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,295	780	515	0.7	0.9	0.6
14. Engineering	11,110	8,555	2,555	6.4	10.3	2.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,155	2,765	390	1.8	3.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,450	1,400	50	0.8	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,475	1,435	35	0.8	1.7	0.0
48. Precision production	795	765	35	0.5	0.9	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,425	740	685	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	855	445	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	570	300	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	12,565	3,215	9,345	7.2	3.9	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,465	725	735	0.8	0.9	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,455	2,150	8,310	6.0	2.6	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	610	330	280	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,080	1,415	1,670	1.8	1.7	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,705	395	1,315	1.0	0.5	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	890	590	305	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	430	390	45	0.2	0.5	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	111,485	53,175	58,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,390	9,360	9,030	16.5	17.6	15.5
Education	3,990	595	3,390	3.6	1.1	5.8
13. Education	3,990	595	3,390	3.6	1.1	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,455	1,170	2,285	3.1	2.2	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	335	215	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,120	955	2,165	2.8	1.8	3.7
Humanities	5,090	1,465	3,625	4.6	2.8	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	670	115	550	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,385	285	1,100	1.2	0.5	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,605	465	1,135	1.4	0.9	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	665	325	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	20	230	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,875	4,880	8,995	12.4	9.2	15.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,750	550	1,205	1.6	1.0	2.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,235	70	1,160	1.1	0.1	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	2,300	830	1,470	2.1	1.6	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,940	405	1,545	1.7	0.8	2.6
45. Social sciences	6,310	2,900	3,410	5.7	5.5	5.8
Business, management and public administration	28,140	13,885	14,260	25.2	26.1	24.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	905	190	715	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,215	13,690	13,525	24.4	25.7	23.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,200	1,905	2,295	3.8	3.6	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,675	670	1,005	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,185	465	720	1.1	0.9	1.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,165	730	440	1.0	1.4	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,540	4,100	2,445	5.9	7.7	4.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,040	3,400	1,640	4.5	6.4	2.8
25. Library science	170	30	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,115	515	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	210	155	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,805	11,670	3,135	13.3	21.9	5.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,040	595	435	0.9	1.1	0.7
14. Engineering	8,980	6,665	2,315	8.1	12.5	4.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,280	1,965	315	2.0	3.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,025	990	40	0.9	1.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,005	985	20	0.9	1.9	0.0
48. Precision production	485	470	15	0.4	0.9	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,155	575	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	665	330	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	245	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	9,455	2,485	6,970	8.5	4.7	12.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,040	510	525	0.9	1.0	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,870	1,705	6,165	7.1	3.2	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	515	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,385	1,085	1,305	2.1	2.0	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	285	1,030	1.2	0.5	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	720	485	235	0.6	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	285	30	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	111,485	53,175	58,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,390	9,360	9,030	16.5	17.6	15.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	93,095	43,815	49,275	83.5	82.4	84.5
Location of study inside Canada	59,365	28,245	31,120	53.2	53.1	53.4
Same as province or territory of residence	53,085	25,195	27,895	47.6	47.4	47.8
Different than province or territory of residence	6,280	3,050	3,230	5.6	5.7	5.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	33,730	15,570	18,155	30.3	29.3	31.1
Americas	6,775	3,240	3,540	6.1	6.1	6.1
United States of America	4,285	2,210	2,070	3.8	4.2	3.5
Mexico	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	590	255	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	295	100	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	240	95	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	420	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Americas	455	190	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	6,940	3,520	3,415	6.2	6.6	5.9
Belgium	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	505	220	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romania	510	245	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	485	225	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	415	185	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	170	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,795	1,540	1,255	2.5	2.9	2.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	65	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	980	460	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Africa	2,680	1,310	1,375	2.4	2.5	2.4
Nigeria	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,435	690	745	1.3	1.3	1.3
South Africa, Republic of	635	335	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
Other locations of study in Africa	205	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	16,735	7,170	9,565	15.0	13.5	16.4
Iran⁸⁸	365	145	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	530	265	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Israel	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	215	65	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	280	130	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Turkey	270	140	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	5,530	2,470	3,055	5.0	4.6	5.2
Taiwan	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	30	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	895	310	580	0.8	0.6	1.0
Philippines	1,255	330	925	1.1	0.6	1.6
Viet Nam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,905	1,800	2,110	3.5	3.4	3.6
Pakistan	1,690	725	965	1.5	1.4	1.7
Other locations of study in Asia	1,140	515	620	1.0	1.0	1.1
Oceania	590	330	260	0.5	0.6	0.4
Australia	520	300	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
New Zealand	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	173,625	83,340	90,290	...	...	...
In the labour force	113,195	58,365	54,830	...	...	...
Employed	99,950	52,465	47,485	...	...	...
Unemployed	13,245	5,900	7,345	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	60,435	24,975	35,460	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.2	70.0	60.7	65.2	70.0	60.7
Employment rate	57.6	63.0	52.6	57.6	63.0	52.6
Unemployment rate	11.7	10.1	13.4	11.7	10.1	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	173,625	83,340	90,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	61,575	25,635	35,935	35.5	30.8	39.8
Worked	112,050	57,700	54,350	64.5	69.2	60.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	63,085	35,465	27,625	36.3	42.6	30.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	48,965	22,240	26,730	28.2	26.7	29.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	42.2	39.9	41.1	42.2	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	113,190	58,360	54,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975	3.2	2.9	3.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850	96.8	97.1	96.4
Employee	88,730	43,930	44,800	78.4	75.3	81.7
Permanent position	73,970	37,335	36,640	65.4	64.0	66.8
Temporary position	14,760	6,595	8,160	13.0	11.3	14.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,580	1,955	2,625	4.0	3.3	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	10,180	4,650	5,535	9.0	8.0	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	20,800	12,745	8,055	18.4	21.8	14.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	113,190	58,360	54,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975	3.2	2.9	3.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850	96.8	97.1	96.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,535	2,645	895	3.1	4.5	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	27,150	10,825	16,320	24.0	18.5	29.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	14,760	10,840	3,925	13.0	18.6	7.2
3 Health occupations	7,450	2,035	5,415	6.6	3.5	9.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	12,590	4,185	8,400	11.1	7.2	15.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,190	1,840	2,355	3.7	3.2	4.3
6 Sales and service occupations	25,870	12,605	13,260	22.9	21.6	24.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,235	9,045	1,190	9.0	15.5	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	990	705	285	0.9	1.2	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,765	1,955	805	2.4	3.3	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	113,190	58,360	54,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975	3.2	2.9	3.6
All industries¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850	96.8	97.1	96.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	305	130	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	465	310	160	0.4	0.5	0.3
22 Utilities	780	555	225	0.7	1.0	0.4
23 Construction	5,540	4,590	945	4.9	7.9	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	7,425	4,890	2,535	6.6	8.4	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	5,790	3,520	2,270	5.1	6.0	4.1
44-45 Retail trade	11,620	5,730	5,895	10.3	9.8	10.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,195	2,955	1,240	3.7	5.1	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	3,195	2,005	1,190	2.8	3.4	2.2
52 Finance and insurance	11,800	6,495	5,305	10.4	11.1	9.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,460	1,780	1,685	3.1	3.1	3.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	17,005	10,140	6,865	15.0	17.4	12.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,020	445	570	0.9	0.8	1.0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,685	1,985	1,695	3.3	3.4	3.1
61 Educational services	8,135	2,275	5,860	7.2	3.9	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	10,655	2,475	8,175	9.4	4.2	14.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,020	990	1,035	1.8	1.7	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	4,970	2,175	2,795	4.4	3.7	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,430	1,340	2,095	3.0	2.3	3.8
91 Public administration	4,035	1,905	2,130	3.6	3.3	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	120,275	61,705	58,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,145	57,360	53,785	92.4	93.0	91.8
French	260	40	220	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official language	1,180	665	515	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,180	665	515	1.0	1.1	0.9
English and French	2,320	890	1,430	1.9	1.4	2.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,135	2,645	2,495	4.3	4.3	4.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	120,275	61,705	58,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	119,040	61,120	57,925	99.0	99.1	98.9
Official languages	116,855	59,985	56,870	97.2	97.2	97.1
English	116,365	59,895	56,475	96.7	97.1	96.4
French	490	85	400	0.4	0.1	0.7
Non-official languages	2,185	1,135	1,050	1.8	1.8	1.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,180	1,135	1,045	1.8	1.8	1.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	555	270	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Albanian	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	245	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,310	715	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Chinese languages	1,310	715	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,245	665	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,235	585	650	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	320	95	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	910	485	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	120,275	61,705	58,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	113,700	58,590	55,105	94.5	95.0	94.1
English	1,120	450	665	0.9	0.7	1.1
French	1,805	760	1,045	1.5	1.2	1.8
Non-official language	3,050	1,580	1,470	2.5	2.6	2.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,050	1,580	1,470	2.5	2.6	2.5
English and French	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	340	195	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	99,945	52,465	47,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	44,885	22,580	22,315	44.9	43.0	47.0
Worked outside Canada	740	520	220	0.7	1.0	0.5
No fixed workplace address	7,760	5,580	2,185	7.8	10.6	4.6
Usual place of work	46,555	23,790	22,765	46.6	45.3	47.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	46,555	23,790	22,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,685	9,755	11,930	46.6	41.0	52.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,900	2,420	2,480	10.5	10.2	10.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	19,840	11,540	8,300	42.6	48.5	36.5
Commute to a different province or territory	130	70	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	54,320	29,365	24,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	46,305	25,545	20,760	85.2	87.0	83.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	42,375	24,015	18,350	78.0	81.8	73.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,930	1,525	2,405	7.2	5.2	9.6
Public transit	3,850	1,880	1,980	7.1	6.4	7.9
Walked	2,020	925	1,095	3.7	3.2	4.4
Bicycle	250	175	75	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other method	1,890	845	1,045	3.5	2.9	4.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	54,320	29,365	24,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	14,895	7,005	7,890	27.4	23.9	31.6
15 to 29 minutes	17,515	8,925	8,595	32.2	30.4	34.4
30 to 44 minutes	11,985	7,395	4,590	22.1	25.2	18.4
45 to 59 minutes	5,055	2,995	2,060	9.3	10.2	8.3
60 minutes and over	4,860	3,045	1,815	8.9	10.4	7.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	54,320	29,365	24,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,430	1,885	545	4.5	6.4	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,920	4,390	2,540	12.7	14.9	10.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,250	7,235	6,010	24.4	24.6	24.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	14,275	7,005	7,275	26.3	23.9	29.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,130	4,970	5,160	18.6	16.9	20.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,315	3,885	3,420	13.5	13.2	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	49,935	25,400	24,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,710	2,370	2,340	9.4	9.3	9.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,225	23,025	22,195	90.6	90.6	90.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	39,840	20,290	19,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,965	1,980	1,990	10.0	9.8	10.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,305	1,140	1,165	5.8	5.6	6.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,665	840	825	4.2	4.1	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,875	18,320	17,560	90.0	90.3	89.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 8, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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